Glossary: Nutrition Essentials for Mental Health

5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan)

A naturally occurring amino acid and a chemical precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep, and appetite. It is used as a dietary supplement to help manage conditions related to low serotonin levels, such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia.  

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) / Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

HDL and LDL are types of lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in the blood. HDL ("good" cholesterol) helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transports it to the liver for excretion. High levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. LDL ("bad" cholesterol) carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells. Elevated levels of LDL can lead to cholesterol buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. Maintaining a healthy balance between HDL and LDL is crucial for cardiovascular health.

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)

A blood test that measures low levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. The hs-CRP test is used to assess chronic, low-grade inflammation and evaluate the risk of heart disease and stroke. Elevated hs-CRP levels may indicate increased inflammation in the body, associated with infections, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammatory disorders.

Hip-Waist Ratio

A measure of body fat distribution, calculated by dividing the circumference of the waist by the circumference of the hips. This ratio assesses abdominal fat relative to total body fat. A higher ratio indicates a greater concentration of abdominal fat, which is linked to a higher risk of metabolic and cardiovascular conditions.

Histamine

A neurotransmitter released from mast cells that is necessary for healthy immune function. However high levels of histamine can cause allergic reactions and inflammation, causing symptoms like itching, swelling, and increased mucus production. In addition, excess histamine is associated with mood disorders. Histamine also plays a role in regulating stomach acid secretion and influencing sleep-wake cycles. 

Homocysteine

An amino acid in the blood produced during the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid. Elevated levels of homocysteine are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases as it can promote arterial damage and blood clot formation. Vitamins B6, B12, and folate are crucial for maintaining normal homocysteine levels and reducing cardiovascular risk. 

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

An acid produced in the stomach for digestion and absorption of nutrients. It breaks down proteins, activates digestive enzymes, and kills harmful microorganisms. Hydrochloric acid is crucial for effective digestion and preventing gastrointestinal infections, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as acid reflux or gastritis.

Hyperventilation

A condition characterized by overbreathing causing an excessive loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood. This decrease in blood CO2 levels leads to symptoms such as lightheadedness, tingling in the limbs, and shortness of breath. Hyperventilation can be triggered by anxiety, stress, or certain medical conditions.

Hypothalamic Adrenal Pituitary (HPA) Axis

A complex endocrine system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands. It controls the release of cortisol and other hormones to regulate the body's stress response.